PART OF SPEECH / WORD CLASS

PART OF SPEECH / WORD CLASS

• NOUN
• PRONOUN
• VERB
• ADVERB
• ADJECTIVE
• ARTICLE
• PREPOSITION
• CONJUNCTION
• INTERJECTION

SUBJECT	OBJECT	ADJECTIVE POSS	PRONOUN POSS
I	Me	My	Mine
You	You	Your	Yours
They	Them	Their	Theirs
We	Us	Our	Ours
He	Him	His	His
She	Her	Her	Hers
It	It	Its	Its

Examples :

1. John and (I) are the same age.
2. John and I are the same age

• (We) teacher praised (I) and (she)
• Our teacher praised me and her

1. The letter was addressed to (you)
2. The letter was addressed to you

• (He) wanted only (we)
• He wanted only us

We are pleased to inform--.--- that the missing order has been found.
(A) you (B) your (C) yours (D) yourself


Noun
I . KINDS OF NOUNS :

• Common nouns : table, dog, man
• Proper Nouns : France, The Himalayas
• Abstract Nouns : Charity, Beauty, fear, bravery
• Collective nouns : team, family, group, etc.

II. FUNCTIONS:

• SUBJECT : The man climbed the electric pole
• COMPLEMENT (after be, become): Tom cruise is an actor
• OBJECT OF A VERB: I saw a girl in the river
• OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION : She is looking at the dog hysterically
• IN POSSESSIVE OF OTHER NOUNS: He holds the girl’s hand tightly to show his love

NOUN DERIVATION
Adjective :

• happy ===>>> happiness
• brave ===>>> bravery
• popular ==>>> popularity
• long ====>>> length
• different =>>> difference

Verb :

• Produce ===>>> product, production, producer
• Act ======>>> actor, actress, action, acting

EXERCISE

Extreme ------- should be used when the forklift truck is being operated.
(A) caution (B) cautioned
(C) cautiously (D) cautious


ADVERBS

• Adverbs of Manner: carefully, slowly, fast, hard, etc.
• Adverbs of place: somewhere, here, there, and places after prep.
• Adverbs of time: now, soon, today, eventually, afterwards, lately, recently, now, soon, tomorrow, immediately, still, etc.
• Adverbs of frequency: always, usually, sometimes, often, seldom, never, twice a day, periodically, etc.
• Adverbs of certainty: certainly, definitely, apparently, evidently, obviously, presumably, undoubtedly
• Adverbs of degree (modify adjective or other adverbs, some also verb): very, fairly, rather, quite, too, almost, nearly, quite, extremely, absolutely, really, so, only, completely, etc.
• Interrogative Adverbs
• Relative Adverbs

THE FORMATION OF ADVERBS

• Most adverbs of manner & some adverbs of degree: adjective + ly : Slow + ly = slowly
• Notes:
• Final “y”, changes into “i” then plus “ly” : gay - gaily
• Final “e” stays then plus “ly” : extremely
• Exceptions: true-truly, due-duly, whole-wholly
• Final “able/ible” drops then plus “y” : sensible-sensibly, probable-probably, capable-capably
• Final “l’ stays then plus “ly”: careful-carefully, final-finally

EXCEPTION

• Good – well
• Adjective ended with “ly”: friendly, likely, lonely, lovely, lowly have no adverb
• High, low, deep, near, far, fast, hard, early, late, much, little, direct (non time), straight, pretty, wrong, kindly, enough both function as adjective and adverb
• A high mountain------The bird flew high on the sky
• A fast car ------ she ran fast
• A hard job ----- she works very hard
• A pretty girl ----- Indonesia is pretty big
• A straight line ---- He went straight home
• A direct route ---- she goes direct from Kalisat to Jelbug
• Enough time ----- he did not run fast enough

POSITION
=> After the verbs
- She cried loudly
=>After the object
- He finished his assignment reluctantly
=> Verb + O (for other adverbs mainly precede the verbs, but for adverb of manner precede the verbs only when the object is long)
- He carefully pick up all the broken glass which were shattered on his floor after the tornado.
=> Verb + prep. + O (can precede the prep. or after the object, but when the object is long it is always placed before the prep.)
- He looked at me suspiciously
- He looked suspiciously at me
- He looked suspiciously at everyone who had long beard


EXERCISE
The report indicates that the Tilbrook Fund is acting properly by delivering policy advice ------- rather than announcing it to the public.
(A) privacy (B) privately (C) private (D) privatize


ADJECTIVE
KINDS:
1. ONE OR TWO SYLLABLE/S
Ex : fast, happy, slow
2. More than two syllables:
Ex : beautiful, expensive, productive

Positions :

1. Before noun : beautiful girl
2. After to be : She is beautiful
3. Sometimes after object : He always makes me sad

AJECTIVE DERIVATION
1. Noun:

• beauty ===>>beautiful
• health ====>> healthy
• danger ===>> dangerous
• history ===>> historical
• reason ===>> reasonable

2. Verb :
agree ===>>>>agreeable
hear ===>>>> audible
read ===>>>> legible
eat ====>>>> edible
see ====>>>> visible



By : Asep Samsudin, S.Pd